Otto Bayer and the History of Polyurethane

Otto Bayer and the History of Polyurethane Polyurethane is a natural polymerâ composed ofâ organicâ units joined byâ carbamate (urethane) joins. While most polyurethanes areâ thermosetting polymersâ that don't dissolve when heated,â thermoplastic polyurethanesâ are likewise accessible. As per the Alliance of The Polyurethane Industry, Polyurethanes are framed by responding a polyol (a liquor with in excess of two receptive hydroxyl bunches for every particle) with a diisocyanate or a polymeric isocyanate within the sight of reasonable impetuses and added substances. Polyurethanes are most popular to people in general as adaptable froths: upholstery, mattresses,â earplugs, synthetic safe coatings, strength cements andâ sealants, and bundling. It likewise goes to the unbending types of protection for structures, water radiators, refrigerated vehicle, and business and private refrigeration. Polyurethane items frequently are essentially called â€Å"urethanes†, however ought not be befuddled withâ ethyl carbamate, which is likewise called urethane. Polyurethanes neither contain nor are delivered from ethyl carbamate. Otto Bayer Otto Bayer and colleagues at IG Farbenâ in Leverkusen, Germany,â discovered and licensed the science of polyurethanes in 1937. Bayer (1902 - 1982) built up the novel polyisocyanate-polyaddition process. The fundamental thought which he records from March 26, 1937, identifies with spinnable items made of hexane-1,6-diisocyanate (HDI) and hexa-1,6-diamine (HDA). Distribution of German Patent DRP 728981 on November 13, 1937: A procedure for the creation of polyurethanes and polyureas. The group of designers comprised of Otto Bayer, Werner Siefken, Heinrich Rinke, L. Orthner and H. Schild. Heinrich Rinkeâ Octamethylene diisocyanate and butanediol-1,4 are the units of a polymer created by Heinrich Rinke. He called this territory of polymers polyurethanes, a name which was soon to get known worldwide for an amazingly adaptable class of materials.â Directly from the beginning, exchange names were given to polyurethane items. Igamidâ ® for plastics materials, Perlonâ ® for fibers.â William Hanford and Donald Holmesâ William Edward Hanford and Donald Fletcher Holmes developed a procedure for making the multipurpose material polyurethane. Different Uses In 1969, Bayer displayed an all-plastic vehicle in Dà ¼sseldorf, Germany. Portions of this vehicle, including the body boards, were made utilizing another procedure calledâ reaction infusion molding (RIM), in which the reactants were blended and afterward infused into a shape. The expansion of fillers delivered strengthened RIM (RRIM), which gave upgrades inâ flexural modulusâ (stiffness), decrease in coefficient of warm expansionâ and better warm steadiness. By utilizing this innovation, the primary plastic-body car was presented in the United States in 1983. It was called the Pontiac Fiero. Further increments in firmness were acquired by consolidating pre-put glass mats into the RIM shape hole, called gum infusion forming, or basic RIM. Polyurethane froth (counting froth elastic) is now and again made utilizing limited quantities ofâ blowing agentsâ to give less thick froth, better padding/vitality assimilation or warm protection. In the mid 1990s, due to their effect onâ ozone exhaustion, the Montreal Protocolâ restricted the utilization of manyâ chlorine-containing blowing specialists. By the late 1990s, blowing specialists such asâ carbon dioxide and pentane were broadly utilized in North America and the EU.

Compare and Contrast of Methodologies-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Define what a Methodology is and the job it serves in Project Management. 2.Choose two Methodologies from this rundown to investigate Similarities and contrasts between them both. 3.Finally, distinguish how your picked Methodologies and procedures identify with the task life cycle (PLC). Answers: 1.Define what a technique is and the job it serves in venture the board. Undertaking Methodology This is identified with the arrangement of practices, strategies and the techniques that contain all the controlling procedures for the individuals who are taking a shot at the task the board. They are not instrument explicit rather they are the product dependent world with the system of the association venture and the board programming apparatus that are interlaced. With the adjustment in the building and the development, there are distinctive administration forms where the framework can work with better administration. (Cooper, 2016). For this, there is a need to concentrate on the product improvement and IT tasks with the goal that it is anything but difficult to look at in the middle of the techniques for spry, cascade and so on. Job in Project Management With the changed approachs, there are steps which incorporates the inception, arranging, executing, controlling and afterward shutting the work. It is chiefly concentrating on the working of the group to accomplish the particular objectives and afterward meet the necessities with explicit achievement. The task incorporates the structuring with the special items, administrations and the outcomes that would characterize the methodology with the finish of the time-requirements and the expectations. The business takes a shot at the tedious and the other practical exercises to create the items with simple way to deal with the specialized and undertaking the executives techniques. The essential requirement for this is the extension, time, quality and spending that should be set with the enhancement of assignment for all the fundamental sources of info and afterward applying them to address the issues and the destinations. The intricacy of the current venture depends on how experienced and smooth out training is to deal with the undertakings to augment the net revenues. (Lee et al., 2016). The associations look in the best possible administration with boosting the net revenues and investigating the streamlining, upgrade of the efficiency and building the main concern measures. The parameters are set apart with the capacity identified with the individuals, innovation, correspondence and the assets that would prompt keep up the undertaking the board practice with the ability to check the solid and the inflexible technique. 2.Choose two procedures from this rundown to investigate The light-footed philosophy is the best which chips away at giving the fast and the consistent conveyance of the item for the client. It deals with the customary technique like the cascade and the other direct procedures which are significant for characterizing the prerequisites dependent on the start and the final result arrangement. The Agile is characterized through the final result and afterward beginning where there is an appropriate depiction of the prioritization procedure. There are non-static prerequisites, adaptability, predictable change to deal with the correspondence approach with the improved culture and procedures. (Gregory et al., 2016). The product advancement works with the methodology that holds the various sorts of the activities, where the clients can take a shot at the lightweight undertaking the executives so they can convey the work in the short time allotment than the interest of Agile. The Agile deals with the people and the cooperations over the procedures and the instruments, where the working programming is set with exhaustive documentation. The joint effort with the client and afterward reacting to the adjustment in the plans is significant. There are requirements for estimating the outrageous dexterity in the necessities and afterward setting the short-named conveyance cycles and the dynamic group culture which is prohibitive for the on-time genuine correspondence. The cascade model is the one which is for the ventures and to take a shot at the product improvement with development. It moves in the direction of the turn of events and how they can deal with the elevated level stages where: The prerequisites determinations are required. Structuring Development Coordination Testing and investigate Establishment and support. The cascade model incorporates the task the executives techniques where each progression is pre-arranged and laid in the best possible way. (Ahimbisibwe et al., 2017) Through this, there are potential outcomes to roll out any improvements in the clients needs and work on the groupings of the undertakings which are hard to oversee, something else. This needs to take a shot at the product advancement ventures with the improvement through the fixed stages and the direct courses of events. Here, the emphasis is likewise on sticking to the prerequisites and conveying the task in single with the long cycle. The prerequisites are set to characterize the highest point of the cascade where each stage should be finished before the following stage can start. The cascade approach is where the result on the one stage goes about as the contribution for the following stage in successive way. After the arrangement is seen as affirmed, at that point there is a next to no extension to adjust to the pl ans till there are changes dependent on the solicitations change. the task works through the stream from the prerequisites, with planning usage and testing. The single cycle approach in the cascade is to keep up and think about the extension to adjust to the various changes with the scorn in the organizations which are wasteful. The Waterfall techniques can be effectively working and anticipating when the necessities are fixed with the well-documentation and clear procedure arrangement. For this, the cascade likewise need to furnish with the final products for the financial plan and the timetable with specific degree limits. Similitudes and contrasts between them both. Advantages over cascade model and coordinated model 3.Finally, distinguish how your picked philosophies and procedures identify with the venture life cycle (PLC): The nimble programming advancement takes a shot at the various arrangements of qualities and standards which is for the product improvement till there are prerequisites to deal with the arrangements. It accompanies the community oriented exertion for self-association of the cross-useful groups, where there are backing arranging, transformative turn of events and simple conveyance with progress. The system is characterized dependent on the product advancement and afterward dealing with the shared impact that would advocate the arranging, adaption and afterward setting the reaction to change. The techniques are delineated through the rising fast application advancement and iterative methodology. The assignments are conveyed for the particular highlights where the people and the associations resemble the co-area and the pair programming. (Mitsuyuki et al., 2017). The client joint effort is additionally for the prerequisites that can't be simple assembled initially however they are becau se of the different variables like the client connection and reaction to the change. Here, the prescient arranging is for the versatile programming improvement measurements where the conventional cascade model backings the prescient methodology. Here, the prescient models and the estimating depends on the prerequisite examination and the arranging. This aides in taking care of the progressions according to the element prerequisites. The client cooperation is significant in the deft procedure for the open correspondence with limited documentation highlights for the coordinated effort. There are approaches for the product advancement to advance the cooperation and broadly educating, where the usefulness depends on the turn of events and exhibition of the procedures. (Merhout et al., 2017). The asset prerequisites are required which are least and reasonable for the fixed or the evolving necessities. The deft model likewise deals with the severe conveyance the executives procedure where the usefulness is mapped to convey and take a shot at the acclimations to comply with all the necessary time constraint. This relies upon the client communication with the more significant level of the individual reliance where there is a chance of least documentation created. The cascade model chips away at the venture lifecycle where the structuring approach is set to deal with the various procedures with simple portrayal of the prerequisite investigation, framework planning, execution and the testing. The prerequisite social event and the investigations is for the arrangement that should be assessed dependent on the contributions from the framework structure and setting the little projects which are called units. The following stage combination forms are through the incorporation and testing that would be significant for the practical and the non-useful necessities. The item arrangement is done through the client condition where the support comes up when the customer condition is set to fix the issues and the patches are discharged, from that point. The product of the cascade model chips away at the necessities which are unmistakably recorded, clear and fixed, with the items steady and justifiable innovation. (Poston et al, 2016). This would permit the departmentalisation and controlling the calendar with appropriate cutoff times for each phase of improvement so the item can without much of a stretch be set through the advancement procedure. This moves from the idea, planning and the usage, testing and establishment that would wind up at the activity and ready to keep up with the unmistakably characterized stages. (Vijayasarathy et al., 2016). Through this, there is a chance of the advancement where the application is set in the testing stage which isn't recorded in a legitimate way, and sums to the high dangers References Ahimbisibwe, An., Ahimbisibwe, A., Daellenbach, U., Daellenbach, U., Cavana, R. Y., Cavana, R. Y. (2017). Experimental correlation of conventional arrangement based and lithe systems: Critical achievement factors for redistributed programming improvement ventures from merchants perspective.Journal of Enterprise Information Man

The City On A Hill

The City On A Hill People often find it shocking when I say it, but if MIT was in Illinois, I wouldnt have *matriculated. Though the MIT campus within itself offers 57334534923 (not a hyperbole) convincing reasons to attend, to me, one of the most important aspects of being here is the world directly outside MIT. The M, if you will. After graduating, I kind of felt like Frank Sinatra in New York, New York: these vagabond shoes were longing to stray. Living one hour away from Chicago, it would not have satisfied my shoes to go to school there. Not one bit. But if it was anywhere in Illinois except directly in Chicago, Id continue to suffer from my high school case of little town blues thats just not worth it to me. Hey, we all have our priorities. Luckily, its not in Chicago. Its in Massachusetts, and not a day has gone by without me thinking TGI Boston (even though were actually in Cambridge) at least once. This is because Boston is an unbelievably cool city. From the music scene to the history and diversity and proximity of other schools and even New York, nothing disappoints. Someone asked yesterday if anyone at MIT could cross-register at Harvard. The answer is yes. People usually go to Harvard for language classes, but its definitely not limited to that. Students can take anything less than half of their units there each semester. There are also opportunities for cross-registration at Wellesley (yes, even boys), the Massachusetts College of Art and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts. The availability of cross-registration here is definitely near the top of the List of Things I Love About MIT (or at least it would be, if such a list actually existed). I really love the idea of studying at another school because, well, I love learning about different cultures, and cultures arent just limited to countries or regions, but cities and schools as well. Its also a good way to expose yourself to different teaching styles, get off campus and meet students from other schools. Speaking of other schools, this morning as I was riding the T to that other school I take a class at, I remembered what it was like to live in a place without public transportation. I come from a place where even the most dedicated environmentalists often have no choice but to drive. I happen to hate driving for more reasons than one, so coming to a city with a Subway system like this is like heaven. And the fact is that a lot of times, you dont even need the Subway because Boston is small and walkable (walkable cities are also runnable, which is really great. Im still amazed at the number of runners there are in the city year-round. Its fantastic). But it gets cold and the Harvard Bridge is pretty harsh, so the buses and trains are the way to get where you want to go. By itself, I think the T is kind of expensive, but MIT offers student discounts on Charlie Cards that make it much more worth your money. I urge you all, when deciding where to go to school, to consider how important location is to you, and possibly how important it *should* be (Im trying really hard not to preach, but I do think its good for everyones sanity to be able to get off campus once in awhile). When doing college visits, dont just see the campus, but the surrounding area as well. After all, youre more than students. Youre people, and sanity often demands something other than school :) *This is the very first thing MIT ever taught me. A new vocabulary word. Post Tagged #cross-registration

Classical Music And The Music - 868 Words

Classical composer Robert Schuman once said, To send light into the darkness of men s hearts-- such is the duty of the artist. Classical music is composed with such emotion it can leave an audience stricken with feelings after hearing a movement. The key is the emotion behind the music. It leaves listeners to wonder what was going on during that time in a composer’s life. Whether it was joyful and happy or depressing and dark, the audience wants to know the motive behind the composition of music. Classical radio stations are the perfect place to enjoy the music that started it all Classical radio stations are a way to sit down and relax while listening to soothing music. The broadcaster s calming voices makes it easier for the listener to transition from each piece of music to the next. Opposed to radio stations who play pop or rock, the announcers talk softly. The radio stations who play top 40 playlists normally yell and are excitable. Classical announcers are soothing and relaxed making the music flow smoothly. The ads on the stations normally pertained to the artist being played or the station itself. Colorado Public Radio advertised an ad for Beethoven s greatest hits. They also were self-promoting the station in order to get the listeners to donate. If you donated, you got a chance to win a trip to Prague, a place where many musical greats studied and played music. The ads on pop stations tend to advertise local businesses and products that pertain toShow MoreRelatedClassical Music And The Music1478 Words   |  6 Pagesattention of everyone in th e music hall. The conductor, Evan Feldman, and the UNC Symphonic and Woodwind Orchestra at Memorial Hall elegantly performed several classical pieces that was widely enjoyed by classical enthusiasts and family members. The concert supplied the audience with a night that at times, brought calmness and serenity, but at others gave abrupt aggression and force. Today, classical music is considered traditional and one of the earliest forms of music played in concert halls. ThusRead MoreMusic And Classical Music874 Words   |  4 PagesClassical music has been around for centuries, beginning ever since people could put notes onto paper. The art of fully notating and performing compositions shaped classical music to become iconic pieces in modern day society. This music can be defined in many ways; one specifically is categorizing it as the â€Å"common practice period.† The Oxford Dictionary of Music uses this term to define a period encompassing the baroque (1600-1750), classic ( 1750-1830), and romantic (1830-1900) eras. Between theRead MoreMusic Vs. Classical Music916 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Music How often do you listen to music while you’re studying to try to make the task more entertaining? Students regularly listen to music while studying as a way to help them stay engaged in studying (Beentjes, Koolstra, van der Voort, 1996). Well, based on what music you listen to, you may actually be hindering yourself rather than helping. When students listen to classical music while they are studying it has many beneficial effects. It has positive body influences, it activatesRead MoreClassical Music And The Era Of Music1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone mentioned classical music or music for the heroic era you knew very little to nothing about the subject. The only thing you knew was that it was music from a long time ago and that Beethoven was the only artist you could name. So, let me enlighten you on what classical music is and the era it comes from. The term classical is something that has a wide and long-lasting appeal. In music, when a piece was written from between ab out 1750 to 1825 it was considered classical or from the BaroqueRead MoreThe Effects Of Classical Music On Music785 Words   |  4 PagesHow to start listening to classical music and enjoy it. The love of classical music is not dead; it’s still active(alive?) in the sense that it is dying. To start listening to classical music, the concept is quite simple actually, you first must press play on whatever music playing device you have and make special note that it be classical music. Although the action to doing it is elementary, there are other factors you have to consider. For example: motivation, electricity/internet, and your moodRead MoreThe Effects Of Classical Music On Music931 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is defined as â€Å"good† or â€Å"real† music? How does an individual come to define that? Many would say that classical music is â€Å"real† music since it is the basis of music that is created today and it has lasted through time. It is still heard today, one of the first types of music to last. Others may strongly disagree; even though it has stood the test of time what actually makes this the sole definition of â€Å"good† music? It doesn’t, there really is not a true universal definition. There are multipleRead MoreClassical Music And Modern Music2002 Words   |  9 Pages Classical tradition in modern music Nowadays, modern music has created more colorful styles and each of the branch has their own personality. Different forms of music are all the responses to the modern world. It seems like the modern music has a great difference from the classical music. But all the modern music’s creation are on the basic of classical music. They have so many advantages to be the reference. Many good composers are in the shadow of the classical music. We couldRead MoreClassical Music Vs. Modern Music1001 Words   |  5 Pagesexpression for European and American music, of the more serious kind, as opposed to popular folk music,† is the ‘Classical Music’ definition according to the New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (Houghton Mifflin Company). It appears that finding a common description for a musical phenomenon, that’s been around since the Medieval Period, is much easier said than done. I must admit that prior to taking this course, I fell victim to assuming all classical music is dense and contained very little diversityRead MoreSimilarities Between Music And Classical Music921 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the Classical Era. Classical music originated in Ancient Egypt but as time went by in became less popular. Then around the late 1700`s it became very popular in areas of the world like Europe, Italy, Austria, Germany. The period from 1750 to 1810 was known as the Viennese Classic. Classical music is kind of western music with a twist. At this point in time art literature was very popular, so when people first heard of classical music they were very interested in it. Classical music is veryRead MoreThe Influence of Classical Music on Modern Music1064 Words   |  4 PagesHow does the classical music influence the modern music? Classical music influence the modern music by styles`s creation, composing and rhythm ,also many artists use elements of classical music in their work, and some choose to quote or replicate it directly. For example,Walter Murphy’s disco hit â€Å"A Fifth of Beethoven† samples Beethoven’s Symphony No.5. The following picture shows The first 5 section is actually quoted from the Beethoven`s sample. It gained a great reaction. There is another

This paper is on dementia, a late-life disorder, as it...

This paper is on dementia, a late-life disorder, as it pertains to the geriatric population. â€Å"It is estimated that 24.3 million people around the world have dementia and that, with an estimated 4.6 million new cases every year, we can expect about 43 million people and their families to have to handle the challenge of dementia by 2020.† (McNamera, 2011) I will cover three relevant points concerning this disorder that cause changes in the brain. †¢ Part one will cover the pathology and staging of dementia. †¢ Part two will explain the most common types of dementia that many older people are diagnosed with. †¢ Part three will summarize the treatment methods used to manage the disorder. Dementia is an acquired clinical disorder that affects†¦show more content†¦Stages one to three show none to mild cognitive decline and are considered no dementia. Stage 4 (early-stage), shows a moderate cognitive decline as the patients start withdrawing from family or friends because socialization becomes difficult. This stage can last up to two years. Stage five (mid-stage), shows moderately severe cognitive decline as many diagnosed elders will need assistance to complete their daily activities. This stage can last up to 1.5 years. Stage six (mid-stage), shows severe cognitive decline as incontinence becomes a problem and the ability to speak declines. This stage can last up 2.5 years. Stage seven (late-stage), shows very severe cognitive decline as the ability to speak and communicate are completely lost. The patients often lose psychomotor skills and this can average about 2.5 years. Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, and accounts for more than half of the dementia cases. The disease was named after German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906. Increased levels of protein inside and outside the brain’s nervous cells make it hard to stay healthy, causing them to deteriorate and eventually die. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the cells in this region are often the first to be damaged. Eventually, the size of the hippocampus will become smaller from lack of cell growth. An MRIShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Depression On Older Adults6297 Words   |  26 PagesOlder adults are the fastest growing segment of the population and it is projected that by 2030 their size will increase by 7% equaling 20% of the total U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2014; Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Merck Foundation, 2007). Due to the current and expecte d shift in the demographics, late-life depression has become a public health concern and has increased the demand for mental health services for older Americans (CDC National Association of ChronicRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesTITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 6 ‘‘Affordable Health Care for America Act’’. VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 2 1 2 (b) TABLE TITLES.—This OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, AND SUB- Act is divided into divisions, titles, and 3 subtitles as follows: DIVISION

The Psychological Contract and Its Application Free Essays

The Psychological Contract and its application The psychological contract and its application After the first descriptions and definitions of psychological contract 1960s, a great number of experts show their opinions on this topic and discuss with each other. The widely acknowledged definition of psychological contract may be in Michaei Armstrong’s book, the human resource management practice(10th Ed. 2006,cited in business ball):`†¦the employment relationship consist of a unique combination of beliefs held by an individual and his employer about what they expect of one another†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ In other words, it briefly means the relationship between employers and employees in terms of mutual expectations and beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychological Contract and Its Application or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay aims to begin with giving different ideas on psychological contract from different dimensions, and then analyze the situation of such contract at present, at last, prospect the application of this contract in the 21st century. As a whole, there experts: Edgar Schein, DM Rousseau and KA Wade-Benzoni, PR Sparrow give their opinion respectively. As Schein (Schein, 1965, cited in business ball) states that the psychological contract is a relationship between all members in one organization by using an unwritten contract. This statement highlights the earlier ideas on the concept. Then, RousseauWade-Benzoni got other different opinions in the relationship between employers and employees . e (RousseauWade-Benzoni, 1994, cited in business ball) claims that psychological contracts means how different people in the same organization understand the promises and commitments. Later, Sparrow (PR Sparrow, 1999, cited in business ball) who notice the dynamic quality, social and emotional factors of the psychological contract notes that the psychological contract should be considered with social and emotional aspects of exchange. Although these three experts show different dimension of the psychological contract, they all suggest that firstly, psychological contract is a relationship between employers and employees. Secondly, beliefs, emotional factors or mutual obligations are included in such contract. Besides the importance of the definition of the psychological contract, in practice, it also shows its significance, especially in working conditions. Accords to David E. Guest (Guest DE, 1998:659), the psychological contract should be treated seriously due to its importance. To sum up, it may have three aspects of significance. Firstly, psychological contract can supply a potentially fruitful construct with which to make sense of and explore a new employment relationship and this new employment relationship means a more secure employment and the ubiquitous organizational career. At present, with the development of economic policy and permeated organization ideology , the employment relationship is received more attention than the industrial relationship which is common previously . herefore, the perfect psychological contract tend to build the relationship between employees and employers seems to help manager manage a company. Secondly, the psychological contract has ability to distribute the power. Specifically, inequity exist in employees and employers in term of power or wealth with the development of the economy a psychological may pay attention to the power inequalities in the new employment relationship. And under that situation, in seems difficult to renege the contract in one organization involved. Then at last, the gap of power or wealthy may be shrank Thirdly, with the psychological contract, employees and employers in a organization can understand each other easier because the contract is built by mutual, emotional factors and beliefs. In other words, the employees can know the employers’ requirements and try their best to satisfy them. Also the employers can give employees what they need (promotion, high wage, vacation etc). this can result in high efficient in the organization. However, even though numerous experts examine the psychological contract practically, and it really has several advantages in real word, with the change of the working relationship, the psychological contract in working condition is complicate. Problems should be considered either. As Niall Cullinane and Tony Dundon conclude in their paper: The psychological contract: A critical review (Niall Cullinane and Tony Dundon, 2006). There are three problems should be thought. The first one is that the contract currently is still be used mainly in theory but not in practice. Therefore, when employees and employers apply this contract to a real company, confusion may be emerge because the contract is too theoretical and is not appropriate fro usage in real word, especially the new changed world. The second one is that the goal of the psychological contract in terms of employees and employers cannot be always the same. In other words, mixed message and divergent expectations can emerge in such situation. Therefore it is difficult for employees and employers to make the same psychological contracts because they have different interest and purpose. Then lead to a failure in making suitable psychological contract. The third one is the violation of the psychological contract. Employees in one organization generally are in the subordinate position while the employers are in authority. Thus, the employers may easy to build and break the contract while the employees cannot. This, at last, can lead to trust crisis between the employers and employees. By concluding the importance and problems of the psychological contracts, it is still applicable in 21st century not only in theory but also in practice. In theory, maintain that the part of organizational behavior, diversity in opinions, and competing theories and models should be remained and use Rousseau and Tijoriwala’s qualitative and quantitative methods to develop the evaluation of the psychological contract, use Porter et al. ‘s (1996) contribution to assess the added value of the concept and adjust the redundancy of basic concept, use some models exist to solve the dynamics and effects of change in psychological contracts in the future. In practice, because the working condition is changed, so the psychological contracts should be changed either. Like the table 1 (Hiltrop, J. M, 1995, cited in Neil Anderson and Rene Schalk, 1998:642) shows in the essay: the psychological contract in retrospect and prospect. The psychological should be changed in the aspects of focus, format, underlying basis, employees’ and employer’s responsibility, contractual relations, career management in order to meet needs of the employment relationship rather than industrial relationship. Then, this can be applied in 21st century. In conclusion, psychological contract is complex in terms of theory and reality. Therefore, experts still need to do more research on this contract and emphasize on the usage of this contract in a changed new environment, if the theory of psychological contract is perfect and can be revised properly in practice, then it can be useful in 21st century. Reference 1. Niall Cullinane and Tony Dundon (2006) The psychological contract: A critical review: International Journal of Management Reviews, doi: 10. 111/j. 1468-2370. 2006. 00123. x 2. David E. Guest (1998) Is the Psychological Contract Worth Taking Seriously? : Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19, 649-664 3. Neil Anderson and Rene Schalk (1998) The Psychological Contract in Retrospect and Prospect: Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19, 637-647 4. business ball. The psychological contract. www. businessballs. com/psychological-contracts-theory. htm How to cite The Psychological Contract and Its Application, Essay examples

Jeffrey Santos Essays - Indian Films, English-language Films

Jeffrey Santos Professor Shrivastava 11/2/2017 2 November 2017 1947 Earth Vs . Cracking Inida Transition from a novel to a film is quite difficult at times especially when it comes to a partition like the one in India in 1947. The main purpose of my essay will be to find the problems and differences with the transition between the two works. Investigating the problem between Bapsi Sidwa's novel Cracking India and its film adaptation Deepa Metha's 1947 Earth by comparing the two together but focusing on Lenny's sexual representation, Ayah's transformation throughout the film and novel and how this causes Ayah's abduction with Ice Candy Man , will be my main target point. I argue that Bapsi Sidwa's Cracking India and Deepa Metha's 1947 Earth discuss the theme of gender and violence. The characters Lenny, Ayah, and Ice Candy Man all were affected by the trauma in some way or other. The film adaptation fails to fully represent the book and has roots to its theme. The film focuses on Lenny's coming of age and how she changes and adapts to her problems with her nanny, Ayah. It induces the violence and partition events as well. In the film , it fails to show us Lenny's struggle with her coming of age due to her mother being extremely abused by her father. Her mother was cheated and physically abused to the fullest by this man. The film also excludes Lenny's introduction to sexual activity when the novel strongly shows us Lenny's sexual situations with Cousin. This is when Ayah makes Lenny extremely upset. Ayah gets lots of looks and respect from men and Lenny sees that and is strongly bothered by it. The novel does a wonderful job with bringing out Lenny's strong attitude towards sexuality and men in general. This chips into how Ayah's and Lenny's relationship basically works and how Lenny feeds off Ayah and learns from how she does things. When looki ng at these stories, they both include the obvious, violence, love, and disloyalty. With the partition being the violence, Lenny and Ayah's opposite sex cravings being love, and Lenny's father cheating on her mother being the disloyalty in this situation. In Metha's film there is another blatant reason for these small stories. Trilogy's such as Fire, Earth, and Water represent a form of violence against the women apart of this area at the time. Fire conceals same-sex female desires that works in context with their morals. Earth is basically the overall violence against the women during this time and Water is the social limitations put in place in Hinduism ( Metha's film). These three simple stories tell a story within themselves that basically explains why love and violence was such a large reason for women struggle existed at this time. In the film it is much easier to decrypt these 3 trilogy's but Metha struggles to implement some of the small details of the bo ok. Obviously the film helps put a visual on Lenny's struggle with this sexual need but the film does leave out a lot of Lenny's sexual awakenings while the book shows us how Lenny used Ayah as a lesson of her own adolescence. Within the entire Partition, both Metha and Sidhwa provide us with Ayah's transformation from a girl that a four year old strives to be to being an abducted rape victim. In the beginning of the novel, our narrator Lenny describes how Ayah gets "covetous glances" from a variety of men-beggars, holy men, hawkers, and so on " ( Sidhwa 3). In the film, Metha uses the Queen's garden scene to show us Ayah's ability to attract all types of men. During this scene Ayah is basically sitting around a bunch of men, having a conversation which all the men look at her with plans on their minds. Once Ayah figures these vibes the men were gives off she puts on her sari and receives physical attractions from these men. Now, in the book Lenny points out that Ice Candy Man tries to put his shoed foot inside of Ayah's sari and says this, " things love to crawl beneath Ayah's sari. Ladybirds, glowworms, Ice Candy Man's toes" ( Sidhwa 19).